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Story of Kary Mullis, PCR inventor

'Sometimes a great idea comes to you when you are not looking for it' 'Science is subject to arbitrary fashion'  'Science grows like a weed every year'    Kary Mullis at TED talk. Kary Mullis, inventor of PCR was born on 28 December 1944 in North Carolina, USA. His parents grew up in the foothills of Blue ridge Mountains. And they live near their grandfather’s farm. Kary Mullis was an eight-year-old boy when Watson and Crick published the structure of DNA in 1953. By the time Watson and Crick were awarded Nobel prize, Kary was still busy designing rockets in Georgia Institute of Technology. He was not interested in studying DNA at all. By the time he left Georgia Tech, biologists had already solved the genetic code. It was during his six years at UC, Berkley as a Ph.D. student that changes his mind. After six years at Berkley with a Ph.D., he headed to Kansas to become a writer. He quickly found out he was too young to be a writer and was poor...
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RNA editing, CRISPR-Cas 13 provides herd immunity against dsDNA phage.

CRISPR-cas13: the only RNA editing CRISPR till date. CRISPR RNA targeting CRISPR-cas13 provides immunity against dsDNA phage without cutting the genome, unlike the other 5 types which work by cutting the genome. CRISPR-Cas13 works differently.  It provides herd immunity to the bacteria. CRISPR-Cas13 There are six types of CRISPR in literature till now (1-6). CRISPR Cas VI is the only one that cuts the RNA. It cuts the RNA transcript complementary to the target sequence of the mRNA . After cutting the complementary RNA, it starts cutting all other mRNAs of the phage which Scientists called Collateral damage. This is the phenomena that provide Herd immunity. 3D structure of CRIPSR-Cas References: Cas13 Helps Bacteria Play Dead when the Enemy Strikes. Cell Host and Microbe . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.06.012 Follow and like Layman's Biology Facebook page for more news
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Biodegradable burial pod turns your body into a tree.

Bretzel  and Citelli with  Capsula Mundi Model.  Whenever a person dies, it is a burden for the family emotionally and financially. We spend thousands of dollars in funerals paying for the casket, flowers, and monuments. Environmentally, those caskets and monuments left behind an enormous carbon footprint. Recently, many people have begun to embrace the idea of  green burials. People are environmentally more aware and there is a shift from cremation and  the use of wood, the synthetic cushioning and the metals generally  used in traditional coffins  to green burial. Green burial is a method of burying the body in a wooden coffin without a concrete burial vault. The body along with the wooden coffin is degraded easily by the bacteria in the soil. This type of  burial allows the graveyard to return to nature. Nearly 54 percent of Americans are considering green burial and 74 percent of cemeteries are reporting an increased demand for g...
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Top 5 public companies working on gene editing.

Top 5 public companies working on gene editing . The ranking based on the revenues generated in 2018. 1.    Sangamo Therapeutics: $84.5million  This is an American biotechnology company. They apply cell and gene therapy to combat hemophilia and other genetic diseases. They base the company in California, USA. They develop Zinc Finger gene-editing technology. Clinical trials involving gene editing using Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) are ongoing. Sangamo therapeutics building 2.    Horizon Discovery Group: $73.7m It is a gene-editing company that designs and engineers genetically modified cells and then applies them in research and clinical applications that advance human health. They used three gene-editing tools CRISPR, ZFN, and recombinant A deno -associated virus ( rAAV ). The company saw a 68% rise in revenue. The revenue was  £58.7million and based in Waterbeach, United Kingdom. Horizon discovery group main building 3...
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